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Italian battleship Giulio Cesare
''Giulio Cesare'' was one of three dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Italian Navy (''Regia Marina'') in the 1910s. She served in both World Wars, although she was little used and saw no combat during the former. The ship supported operations during the Corfu Incident in 1923 and spent much of the rest of the decade in reserve. She was rebuilt between 1933 and 1937 with more powerful guns, additional armor and considerably more speed than before.
Both ''Giulio Cesare'' and her sister ship, , participated in the Battle of Calabria in July 1940, when the former was lightly damaged. They were both present when British torpedo bombers attacked the fleet at Taranto in November 1940, but ''Giulio Cesare'' was not damaged. She escorted several convoys to North Africa and participated in the Battle of Cape Spartivento in late 1940 and the First Battle of Sirte in late 1941. She was designated as a training ship in early 1942, and escaped to Malta after Italy surrendered. The ship was transferred to the Soviet Union in 1949 and renamed ''Novorossiysk''. The Soviets also used her for training until she was sunk when an old German mine exploded in 1955. She was salvaged the following year and later scrapped.
==Description==
Named after Julius Caesar, ''Giulio Cesare'' was long at the waterline, and overall. The ship had a beam of , and a draft of .〔Gardiner & Gray, p. 259〕 She displaced at normal load, and at deep load. She had a crew of 31 officers and 969 enlisted men.〔Giorgerini, pp. 270, 272〕 The ship's machinery consisted of four Parsons steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft. Steam for the turbines was provided by 24 Babcock & Wilcox boilers, half of which burned fuel oil and the other half burning both oil and coal. Designed to reach a maximum speed of from , ''Giulio Cesare'' failed to reach this goal on her sea trials, despite generally exceeding the rated power of her turbines. The ship only made a maximum speed of using . She had a cruising radius of at .〔
The ship was armed with a main battery of thirteen guns in three triple-gun turret and two twin-gun turrets, designated 'A', 'B', 'Q', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. The secondary battery comprised eighteen guns, all mounted in casemates in the sides of the hull. ''Giulio Cesare'' was also armed with fourteen guns. As was customary for capital ships of the period, she was equipped with three submerged torpedo tubes. She was protected with Krupp cemented steel manufactured by Terni. The belt armor was thick and the main deck was thick. The conning tower and main battery turrets were protected with worth of armor plating.〔Giorgerini, pp. 271–72〕
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